在做《老友记》英语笔记的过程中,你会发现有些单词在字典中是查不到的。或者即使查到了,但放在句
子里是不符合语法规则的。我把这些单词归为仿词,并解析了仿词构成的三种方式:(1)词缀法;(2)复合
法;(3)转化法。如果你仅仅满足于结合《老友记》的语境,大概理解这些单词的意思,那只是学到了表
面的招式,而没有领悟到心法,功力是不会快速提升的。我们必须知道它们的来龙去脉,才能灵活地生
成自己的语言。
(1) 词缀法:是指在特定的语言环境中,为了满足表达的需要,在原有单词前后加上词缀、临时仿造出新
词。
101.Ross: I'm supposed to attach a brackety thing to the side things, using a bunch of these little worm
guys. I have no brackety thing. I see no worm guys whatsoever. And I cannot feel my legs.
bracket ['brækit]: a piece of wood, metal, or plastic fixed to the wall to support a shelf, lamp, etc. (固定在墙上的)支架
解析:后缀-y加在名词后,构成形容词,表示"由…构成的"。例如:waxy 蜡质的。因此brackety就是"支架制的"。
102.Phoebe: Monica. Hi! Um, Monica, you're scaring me. I mean, you're like, you're like all chaotic and
twirly, you know. Not-not in a good way.
twirl [twɜ:l]: the action of a person spinning around once (人)旋转一周
解析:后缀-y加在名词后,构成形容词,表示"充满…的,以…为特征的"。例如:dusty 布满灰尘的。因此twirly的意思,
可以理解为"忙得团团转的"。
104.Rachel: Okay, I'm not just…waitressing. I mean, I'm...I um…I write the specials on the specials board.
And uh…And I, uh, take the, uh, dead flowers out of the vase. Oh, and sometimes Arturo lets me put the
little chocolate blobbies on the cookies.
blob [blɔb]: a small amount or drop of something, especially a thick or sticky liquid (半流质的、粘稠的)一滴,一团
解析:后缀-y加在名词后,用于构成昵称、诨名等,表示"小的、可爱的"。例如:kit(小猫)-kitty(猫咪)-kitties(复数)。
因此chocolate blobby就是巧克力小糖点,blobby变复数形式就成了blobbies。
123.Chandler: Alright, I'll tell you what. When we're 40, if neither one of us are married, what do you say
you and I get together and have one?
Monica: Why won't I be married when I'm 40?
Chandler: Oh, no-no-no. No, I-I just meant hypothetically.
Monica: Okay, hypothetically, why won't I be married when I'm 40?
Chandler: No. No-no.
Monica: No. What is it? Seriously, is there something fundamentally unmarriable about me?
解析:(1)前缀un-置于动词前,表示"做出相反的动作"。例:fasten 系牢;unfasten 解开。(2)后缀-able置于动词后,构
成形容词,表示"可以…的"。例:drinkable 可饮用的。因此unmarriable就是"无法结婚的"。
词缀仿词在口语中使用率很高,不仅简洁生动,还可以产生幽默诙谐或讽刺挖苦的鲜明效果。其它词缀
non-、-ness、-over、-nish、-ing、-ment、-ar等等,在这里就不做例举了。
(2) 复合法:是由两个独立的单词合成一个仿词。
101.Joey: I'm thinking we've got a bookcase here.
Chandler: It's a beautiful thing.
Joey: [picks up a leftover part] What's this?
Chandler: I would have to say that is a L-shaped bracket.
解析:-shaped附在名词后,构成复合形容词,表示"…形状的"。例如:heart-shaped 心形的。因此L-shaped就是"L
形的"。
103.Monica: Okay. Okay. Let's let the Alan-bashing begin. Who's gonna take the first shot? Hmm? Come
on!
解析:-bashing附在名词后,构成复合词,表示"抨击,痛骂",常见于新闻标题中。例如:Congress-bashing 抨击国会。
因此Alan-bashing就是"抨击艾伦"。
107.Ross: So you uh, you do know a little English.
Paolo: Poco, a little.
Ross: Yeah. Do you uh, do you know the word 'crap-weasel'?
Paolo: No.
Ross: No? That's funny. Because you are a huge crap-weasel.
解析:weasel是黄鼠狼,指人时表示"狡猾奸刁的人"。-weasel附在贬义的形容词后,构成复合名词,用来指人带有强烈
的鄙夷。例如:gutless-weasel 没种的家伙。因此crap-weasel就可以理解为"草包,窝囊废"。
114.Fireman Charlie: Look, ladies, in the future when you're burning your ex-boyfriend's stuff, number one:
Make sure you are in a well-ventilated area. Number two: If you are gonna be burning his clothing, you're
gonna wanna stay away from your synthetic fabrics.
解析:well-附在过去分词前,构成复合形容词,表示"很好的,充分的"。例如:well-paid 高薪的。因此well-ventilated就
是"通风良好的"。
(3) 转化法:根据上下文的需要,将单词转化为另一种词性使用。通过转化法构成的仿词,意义并不难理
解。但我觉得还是有必要做一下解析,将之纳入体系,以减少大家学习《老友记》过程中的疑惑。
108.Shelly: Hey, gorgeous! How's it going?
Chandler: Dehydrated Japanese noodles under fluorescent lights. Does it get better than this?
解析:gorgeous在字典中的词性是形容词,指"漂亮的,性感的"。在此处转化为名词,称呼"帅哥,美女"。
108.Chandler: You're watching a football game at a funeral?
Joey: No, it's the pre-game. I'm gonna watch it at the reception.
解析:前缀pre-附在名词前,构成形容词,表示"先于,在…之前"。例如:pre-war 战前的。因此pre-game就是"赛前的"。
此处pre-game又转化成了名词,相当于pregame show 赛前节目,包括球队简介、球员访谈、赛事回顾、嘉宾演出等。
115.Phoebe: Hi! Oh, yeah. No, I know. You're a chef. I know. And I thought of you first. But um, Chandler's
the one who needs a job right now, so…
Chandler: Yeah, I just don't have a lot of cheffing experience. Unless it's an all-toast restaurant.
解析:chef在字典中只有名词词性,此处转化为动词并使用其现在分词形式,意为"当厨师的"。
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